The DeyeRECTOR.pupil module determines the x-and y-coordinates of the puil centre. Considerable attention has been given to enhancing the performance of the algorithm with regard to occlusions, instrument artefacts and spurious reflections. This component provides spatial tracking resolution of 0.01°, respectively ≈ 3 µm, is achieved.

Integrated into the OneK+ camera, the DeyeRECTOR.pupil module offers high speed pupil tracking with latency of less than 1 ms (processing delay). The entire image processing architecture is integrated into the extremely compact housing of the camera. This represents a standalone pupil tracker without need of an external computer. The On-chip image processing provides pupil tracking at rates beyond 1 kHz.

Pupil size is known to be influenced by a number of physiological factors – typically patient vigilance, anxiety and visual accommodation, as well as lighting conditions and refractive optical effects. With changing size the pupil centre can shift relative to the cornea, or limbus; the resultant error in corneal coordinates leads to a sub-optimal surgical outcome.

During surgery the DeyeRECTOR.shift module compensates for this effect by correcting the current pupil position with respect to the limbus. If desired it can also be integrated into a pre-op diagnostic system.

Based on state-of-the-art algorithms the DeyeRECTOR.ident module provides reliable patient recognition and/or eye identification. As with a fingerprint, individual patterns of the iris are extracted from images acquired immediately prior to surgery and compared with those determined during pre-op diagnosis.


In this manner the DeyeRECTOR.ident module ensures the correct patient and/or eye identification and the likelihood of ensuing errors are eliminated.

During refractive surgery the eye may also rotate about the horizontal and vertical axes relative to the tracking camera. Unfortunately the resultant displacement of the pupil or limbus on the video image does not reflect the true motion of the treatment zone which is located at the corneal surface approximately 4 mm above the pupil.

As a consequence - if the procedure is based solely on the lateral position of the pupil - the applied laser pulses will ablate corneal tissue at incorrect positions. A refractive operation that does not take account of such rotational movements is likely to be detrimental to the patient‘s vision since the resultant refraction can differ significantly from the intended correction.



The DeyeRECTOR.tilt module measures horizontal and vertical tilt of the eye relative to the camera axis with a resolution of 0.25°. In addition the DeyeRECTOR.tilt module provides a measure of the eye distance (z coordinate).

Cyclorotation of the eyeball can significantly impair the surgical outcome of refractive surgery or IOL-operations. Cyclorotation, or ocular torsion, can occur for a number of reasons. First, differences in head position relative to camera between the diagnosis and operation scenarios can lead to static changes in cyclorotation. Switching from head upright to supine can also induce small changes in torsional eye position, particularly in patients with latent vestibular disorders. The anaesthetics employed during surgery may also affect the tonus of the extra ocular muscles. In addition, dynamic cyclorotation can occur during surgery. Accurate measurement of cyclorotation is therefore important for optimising surgical outcome.

The DeyeRECTOR.torsion module provides robust and accurate measurement of static cyclorotation occurring between the diagnosis and operating units, as well as providing continuous online measurement of dynamic torsional movements during surgery.